GLOBAL凤GLOBALTIPPINGTIPPINGPOINTSPOINTSREPORT2025Sponsors and PartnersUniversityGlobal SystemsMAX-PLANCK-INSTITUTof ExeterInstituteP I KBEZOSARIAQuadratureGlobalEARTHClimateChallengesFUNDFoundationtrexFoundationWWFGlobal tipping pointsEdited byThis work is published under a Creative Commons Open Access licenceTimothy M.Lenton:CC-BY-SA 4.0 which enables reusers to distribute,remix,odapt,andReport leod:Global Systems Institute(GSI),University of Exeter,UK;build upon the material in any medium or format,so long as attributionEarth Commissionremix,adapt,or build upon the material,you must license the modifiedManjana Milkoreit:Section 1 lead:Department of Sociologyand Human Geography.material under identical terms.To view a copy of this licence,visit:University of Oslo,Norway:GSI,University of Exeter,UKAll versions of this work may contain content reproduced under licenceSimon Willcock:from third parties.Permission to reproduce this third-party contentmust be obtained from these third-parties directly.Univer sity,UK;Net Zero and Resilient Farming,Rothamsted Research.UKDisclaimer:The views expressed throughout the report are those of the authorsJesse F.Abrams:and their individual capacities,not those of their employers,Section 2 leod:GSI,University of Exeter,UK:Earth Commissioninstitutions or the report's funders.All liability with respect to actionstaken or not taken based on the content of this report is herebySection 2 leod:School of Global Studies,University of Sussex,UK;expressly disclaimed.The content of this report is provided 'as is'-noStockholm Resilience Centre(SRC),Stockholm Univer sity,Swedenrepresentations are mode that the content is error-free.JoshuaE.Buxton:Suggested full report citation:Section 2 leod:GSl,University of Exeter,UK,Earth CommissionLenton,T.M.,Milkoreit,M.,Willcock,S.,Abrams,J.F.,ArmstrongMcKay,D.I.,Buxton,J.E.,Donges,J.F.,Loriani,S.,Wunderling,N.,Jonathan F.Donges:Boulion,C.A.,Pinho,P.,Dijkstra,H.A.Pearce-Kelly,P.,Roman-Cuesta,R.M.,Dennis,D.(eds),2025,The GlobalTipping Points ReportEarth System Science,Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology.2025.University of Exeter,Exeter,UK.The Global Tipping PointsGermanyReport 2025,University of Exeter,UK.Sina Loriani:Section 2 lead:PIK,Germany;Member of the Leibniz AssociationGermany;Earth CommissionNico Wunderling:Section 2 leod:Center for Critical Computational Studies(C3S)Goethe University Frankfurt,Germany:PIK,Member of the LeibnizAssociation,Germany:Senckenberg Research Insfitute and NaturalHistory Museum,Germany.Section 3 lead:Eindhoven University of Technology,NetherlandsMike Barrett:Section 3 leod:WWF-UKSara Constantino:Section 3 leod:Stanford University,USATom Powell:Section 3 leod:GSI,University of Exeter,UKSteven R.Smith:UK;World Economic Forum,Geneva;Centre for the Understanding ofSustainable Prosperity,University of Surrey,UKChris A.Boulton:Section 4 leod:GSI,Univer sity of Exeter,UKDonovan Dennis:Section 4 leod:PIK and Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology,GermanyHenk Dijkstra:Section 4 leod:Utrecht University,NetherlandsPaul Pearce-Kelly:Section 4 lead:Zoological Society of London,UKPatricia Pinho:Section 4 leod:The Amazon Environmental Research Institute,BraziRosa M.Roman-Cuesta:Section 4 leod:European Commission,Joint Research Center,Italy:Technical Univer sity Munich,GermanyUNIVERSITY OF EXETER GLOBAL TIPPING POINTS REPORT 2025global-tipping-points.org