GLOBAL凤GLOBALTIPPINGTIPPINGPOINTSPOINTSREPORT2025SummarySponsors and PartnersUniversityGlobal Systemsof ExeterInstituteBEZOSQuadratureGlobalEARTHClimatetrexChallengesFUNDFoundationWWFFoundationEdited byThis work is published under a Creative Commons Open Access licenceTimothy M.Lenton:CC-BY-SA 4.0 which enables reusers to distribute,remix,odapt andReport leod:Global Systems Institute(GSI),University of Exeter,UK;build upon the material in any medium or format,so long as attributionEarth Commissionis given to the creator.The license allows for commercial use.If youremix,odapt,or build upon the material,you must license the modifiedManjana Milkoreit:materialunder identicalterms.To view a copy of this licence,visit:Section 1 lead:Department of Sociology and Human Geography.University of Oslo,Norway:GSI,University of Exeter,UKAll versions of this work may contain content reproduced under licenceSimon Willcock:from third parties.Per mission to reproduce this third-party contentSection 1 leod:School of Environmental and Natural Sciences,must be obtained from these third-parties directly.Bangor University,UK;Net Zero and Resilient Farming.Rothamsted Research,UK;School of Geography andDisclaimer:Environmental Science,University of Southampton,UKThe views expressed throughout the report are those of the authorsand their individual capocities,not those of their employers,Jesse F.Abrams:institutions or the report's funders.All liability with respect to actionsSection 2 leod:GSI,University of Exeter,UK:Earth Commissiontaken or not taken based on the content of this report is herebyexpressly disclaimed.The content of this report is provided 'as is'-noSection 2 leod:School of Global Studies,University of Sussex,UK;representations are mode that the content is error-free.Stockholm Resilience Centre (SRC),Stockholm University,SwedenSuggested full report citation:Joshua E.Buxton:Lenton,T.M.,Milkoreit,M.,Willcock,S.,Abrams,J.F.,ArmstrongSection 2 leod:GSI,University of Exeter,UK,Earth CommissionMcKay,D.I.Buxton,J.E.,Donges,J.F.,Loriani,S..Wunderling,N.Alkemode,F.,Barrett,M.,Constanfino,S.,Powell,T.,Smith,S.R.,Jonathan F.Donges:Boulton,C.A.,Pinho,P.,Dijkstra,H.,Pearce-Kelly,P.,Roman-Cuesta,Section 2 leod:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impoct ResearchR.M.,Dennis,D.(eds),2025,The Global Tipping Points Report 2025.(PIK),Germany:Stockholm University,Sweden;DepartmentUniversity of Exeter,Exeter,UK.The Global Tipping Points ReportIntegrative Earth System Science,Max Planck Institute of2025,University of Exeter,UK.Geoanthropology,GermanySina Loriani:Section 2 lead:PIK,Germany;Member of the Leibniz AssociationGermany;Earth CommissionNico Wunderling:Section 2 lead:Center for Critical Computational Studies(C3S)Goethe University Frankfurt,Germany:PIK,Member of the LeibnizHistory Museum,Germany.月oor Alkemade:Section 3 lead:Eindhoven University of Technology,NetherlandsSection 3 leod:WWF-UKSara Constantino:Section 3 leod:Stanford University,USATom Powell:Section 3 leod:GSI,University of Exeter,UKSteven R.Smith:UK;World Economic Forum,Geneva;Centre for the Understanding ofSustainable Prosperity,University of Surrey,UKChris A.Boulton:Section 4 leod:GSI,University of Exeter,UKDonovan Dennis:Section 4 leod:PIK and Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology,GermanyHenk Dijkstra:Section 4 leod:Utrecht Univer sity,NetherlandsPaul Pearce-Kelly:Section 4 lead:Zoological Society of London,UKPatricia Pinho:Section 4 lead:The Amazon Environmental Research Institute,BraziRosa M.Roman-Cuesta:Section 4 leod:European Commission,Joint Research Center,Italy:Technical Univer sity Munich,GermanyUNIVERSITY OF EXETER GLOBAL TIPPING POINTS REPORT 2025 SUMMARY