DEPARTMENT OFOENERGYPathways to CommercialLiftoff:Long DurationEnergy StorageMarch 2023This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government.Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof,nor any of their employees,makes any warranty,express or implied,or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy,completeness,or usefulnessof any information,apparatus,product,or process disclosed,or represents that its use would not infringe privatelyowned rights.Reference herein to any specific commercial product,process,or service by trade name,trademark,manufacturer,or otherwise,does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation,or favoringby the United States government or any agency thereof.The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of theUnited States government or any agency thereof.Pathways to Commercial Liftoff:Long Duration Energy Storage