Renewable Energy Pathways toCarbon Neutrality in ChinaMay 2023POWER清华大学能源环境经济研究所Berkeley LawCalifornia-ChinaClimate InstituteTRANSFORMATIONLABAuthorsZhenhua Zhang',Ziheng Zhu2,Jessica A.Gordon3,Xi Lu4,Da Zhang?,and Michael R.Davidson'51 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,University of California,San Diego2Institute of Energy,Environment and Economy,Tsinghua University3 California-China Climate Institute,University of California,Berkeley4 School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control,Tsinghua University5 School of Global Policy and Strategy,University of California,San DiegoAbout the California-China Climate Institute:The California-China Climate Institute was launched in September 2019 and is a University of California-wide initiativehoused jointly at UC Berkeley's School of Law (through its Center for Law,Energy,and the Environment)and theRausser College of Natural Resources.It is chaired by Jerry Brown,former Governor of the State of California,andvice-chaired by the former Chair of the California Air Resources Board Mary Nichols.The Institute also works closelywith other University of California campuses,departments,and leaders.Through joint research,training,and dialoguein and between California and China,the Institute informs policymakers,fosters cooperation and partnership,anddrives climate solutions at all levels.About the Power Transformation Lab:The Power Transformation Lab at the University of California,San Diego studies the engineering and institutionalrequirements to deploy low-carbon energy at scale.We work with academic,government,civil society,and industrypartners to advance research and solutions to the climate challenge centering on the role of the power grid.Ourareas of focus include renewable energy resource planning,affordable and reliable low-carbon power markets,andthe political economy of industrial policy and low-carbon transitions in firms.About the Institute of Energy,Environment and Economy,Tsinghua University (3E):The Instituteof Energy,Environment and Economy,Tsinghua University(3E),establishedin 1980,is aninterdisciplinaryresearch and education institute at Tsinghua University.The institute's mission is to create,develop and disseminatethe knowledge,ideas,and methodologies crucialfor building sustainable energy systems and mitigating cimate changefor China and the world.As an important think tank for China's energy and climate change research,the institute hasbeen continuously providing policy advisory services to the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC),the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE),and the National Energy Administration (NEA).The institute haslong-time collaborations with prestigious universities and international organizations.Acknowledgments:The authors would like to thank Chi Gao (Regulatory Assistance Project)for providing research assistance,and thefollowing reviewers for helpful comments:Fredrich Kahrl (California-China Climate Institute Research Affiliate),Bob Weisenmiller (California-China Climate Institute Research Affiliate),Jiang Lin (Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory Nat Simons Presidential Chair in China Energy Policy and UC Berkeley Adjunct Professor),HongyuZhang (Tsinghua University Postdoctoral Researcher),Rixin Zhu (California-China Climate Institute MethaneFellow )and Fan Dai (California-China Climate Institute Director).1